What Cuba does for medicine

From April 26 to May 10, Antler River Media Co-op’s Emmanuel Akanbi travelled to Cuba with the Canadian Network on Cuba’s Ernesto Che Guevara Brigade to bring medical supplies and learn about the crisis befalling the island amidst US sanctions. A Spanish translation of this article by Carlos Aguirre Pozas is provided below. 

More than eight months into an effective oil blockade on the island, the Cuban medical system is still a beating heart. Undergoing hardship after hardship and slander from the American government, the belief that everyone deserves healthcare lives on in Cuba, its medical institutions and its people.

A mere half hour away from the sunny beaches and large resorts in Varadero, a general hospital in Cárdenas received donations from the Canadian Network on Cuba’s Ernesto Che Guevara Brigade. 

“The blockade limits the access of medicine, food, technology, directly affecting the Cuban population,” said Dr. Daniel Rodríguez, the director of the Cárdenas hospital.  

The United States embargo — often called “el bloqueo” in Cuba — is built by a series of unilateral measures imposed on the island since 1960 that have had a stated aim of toppling the Cuban government. The embargo bans American people and companies from doing any business with Cuba and penalizes any foreign company that does business with Cuba, a move long called illegal by the United Nations.

Health pays the price

The US also acts as a hub of international scientific databases and prestigious research magazines which has resulted in Cuba being cut off from the majority of the world’s medical research. “Cuban health staff and doctors have to consult [databases] to be better doctors,” said Rodríguez, lamenting this restriction as yet another attack on the Cuban medical system that especially hinders specialized medicine.

According to Cuban health officials, the public health sector suffered economic losses of up to 288 million US dollars between March 2024 and February 2025 alone. The blockade hinders Cuban hospitals from acquiring insulin and growth hormones, and severely limits access to medical equipment. “This is something that our patients are suffering from every day,” said Rodríguez.

Despite this, Cuba’s healthcare system has been heralded as a beacon in the world for decades. The country has had one of the highest doctor to patient ratios in the entire world, and developed five different vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic. World Health Organization officials have praised the island’s vaccination campaigns and principles upholding public health.

Specialized programs suffer

Specialized medical programs focused on maternal health, dialysis, and cancer all suffer from a lack of medication and supplies. The present energy crisis and resulting blackouts have affected operating rooms, the ability for the Cuban government to import materials on its own, and the ability of hospitals to safely store temperature-sensitive medications. Rodríguez said the lack of resources has forced the Cárdenas hospital to prioritize certain services, driving a waitlist of more than 96,000 patients, with over 20,000 of those patients being children.

“These are things that have been very severely hit,” said Rodríguez. “That has real human consequences.”

Two men standing in front of a black and white photo of Ernesto Guevara. Man in lab coat and tie speaking next a man with glasses in a polo shirt. A third person watches in the foreground. The text "La unidad de pensamiento, de la cientificidad misma, no" is prominantly painted below the ceiling.
Dr. Daniel Rodríguez (right) at Cárdenas Hospital, accompanied by Cuban translator Damian Donestevez (left) – Photo by Sohaila Hassan

Cuban health officials have long decried the blockade for leading to preventable deaths. Earlier this month, Cuba’s Deputy Health Minister Julio Guerra shared in Havana that “every blackout and every restriction translates into a risk to the lives of our patients.” United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Volker Türk has demanded that the Trump administration’s fuel blockade be lifted. “Children are dying because doctors lack access to essential medical supplies and medicines. This is unacceptable,” Türk said. 

Despite its challenges, the Cuban medical system is still cherished and healthcare workers still fight to defend it from attacks from the US. “We keep it and sustain it because we think it is the fundamental basis for building a society,” said Rodríguez. “We always look for an alternative in difficult times, we know how to go forward and make progress.”

Infant mortality rises amidst sanctions

A vital part of this progress has been international support. Countries routinely send medical aid to Cuba, as do Canadian tourists. Not Just Tourists, a once Ontario-based and now international collective of travellers has sent over thousands of suitcases full of medical supplies to the island, and has a London-based chapter working to send more. Rodríguez believes this support keeps the Cuban healthcare system operational. 

Six (6) suitcases opened and filled with medical supplies, eight (8) are present behind the open suitcases. A box labeled has a white paper taped to it with text "Not Just Tourists London" prominanlty featured.
Suitcases and boxes filled with medical supplies brought to Cárdenas hospital – Photo by Sohaila Hassan

Liz Oliva Fernández, a journalist with the independent Cuban media outlet Belly of the Beast, detailed her experience researching the effect of Cuban sanctions on the medical system.

Since 2018 Cuba’s infant mortality rate has been on a sharp increase. In the early 2000s, Cuba’s infant mortality rate was among the lowest in the Western Hemisphere, but it has since increased from an annual rate of 4.0 per 1,000 live births to a 9.9 in 2025.

“It is the same Cuba, it’s the government, it’s the same system,” said Fernández. “The only thing that is different is the increasing enforcement of the US sanctions on Cuba.”

According to international researchers, had the rate of infant mortality remained unchanged from 2018, approximately 1,800 fewer babies would have died. 

“That makes me cry,” said Fernández. “I want to believe that Belly of the Beast can do the work to use this number to try to explain to people that this is collective punishment and this is wrong.” 

Carmine, a hospital coordinator at Cárdenas, receives all the donations that people bring to the hospital and does her best to ensure key supplies are being received. As tourism dries up due to the lack of fuel for planes, she’s seen supplies dwindle. “It’s very sad when I don’t have the opportunity to help,” she said. “It is very, very difficult when people need something and I have nothing.”

Cuba’s medical program persists

Outside of coordination at the hospital, Carmine also supports doctors on medical missions to other countries through Cuba’s medical program. She has aided Cuban doctors in missions to Venezuela, Angola, Algeria, Nigeria and Timor-Leste, being a key figure in those medical collaborations.

Exterior of a large movie theatre with name of the theatre "Yara" in large text at the top of visible building. A crowd is dispersed in the front of the theatre.
Crowd gathered following documentary screening at Cine Yara in Havana – Photo by Sohaila Hassan

Cuba’s medical missions have been championed for the relief they’ve brought to communities around the world. Journalists at Belly of the Beast have produced numerous pieces showing the work of Cuban doctors across the Caribbean,Africa, and Calabria, an impoverished area in Italy. Despite how instrumental Cuba’s medical program has been in supplying healthcare to communities across the globe, it has also been subject to attacks and fraudulent claims from the United States. The Trump administration likened the program to forced labour, pressured numerous countries in the Caribbean to dismantle their medical partnerships with Cuba, and even went as far as sanctioning health officials in Brazil for their partnership with Cuban doctors. 

Medical education as international solidarity

A mural: Depited at the top, a dove flying to the right with the Palestinian (left) and Cuban (right) flag conjoined at the front of its beak. Below it a watermelon with five (5) peace signs for seeds. The text surrounding the painted green line reads: "Hasta la liberación y el retorno." To the right of this, a Torch has the Palestinian flag wrapped around its base.
Cuba-Palestine solidarity mural – Photo by Sohaila Hassan

Even outside of its international medical missions, Cuba has been celebrated for training medical students from other countries. More than 122 countries have sent students to graduate from Cuba’s Latin American School of Medicine (ELAM) for free. A Belly of the Beast documentary shown at an advanced screening highlighted a brigade of African students from ELAM on a medical mission to Guinea-Bissau to provide medical services.

One of the countries most supported by Cuba’s medical education is Palestine, with nearly 280 Palestinian students presently studying medicine on the island according to the Palestinian Ambassador to Cuba, Ammar Zorba.

A man standing holding a microphone speaking to an audience. There are two men seated beside him. Behind them are a collage of photos showing Cuban solidarity with prominent text "Africans called Cuba Answered" and "Gracias Brigada Médica Cubana Henry Reeve."
Ammar Zorba, Palestinian Ambassador to Cuba speaking as part of a panel in front of a crowd at Cuban Institute of Friendship with the Peoples – Photo by Sohaila Hassan

“They were not the first ones or the last, there are many generations that have been [able to] study in Cuba,” said Zorba in a message at an April 28 panel celebrating the solidarity Cuba has shown to Palestine. “At a time when the world is building weapons, Cuba is creating new doctors.”

Mohammad Bil Awad*, a Palestinian medical student, shared his gratitude for being able to study medicine in Cuba, but also for receiving medical treatment he could not receive due to Israel’s severe blockade of medical equipment to the Palestinian territories.

“Throughout my life I have suffered from a problem in my legs. Due to the Israeli people, my situation got worse and I continued suffering,” said Awad.  “Thank you Cuba for giving me the opportunity to study medicine, and to be able to overcome my challenges and to be able to receive treatment for my legs.” 

“I was able to fulfill my dream and the dream of my family thanks to Cuba and thanks to the Cuban people,” said Murid Abukhater, a recent ELAM graduate at the panel, speaking on his ten year journey in Cuba from learning Spanish and graduating.

Murid Abukhater, Palestinian ELAM graduate speaking as part of a panel in front of a crowd at Cuban Institute of Friendship with the Peoples – Photo by Sohaila Hassan

For Abukhater, ELAM is a gift to the world that brings the Cuban revolutionary spirit to greater heights. “I am Palestinian because I was born in Palestine but I am Cuban because of my soul,” he said. He believes that with every graduate from ELAM, “little pieces of heart from Cuba are distributed through all the geography of the world.”

“Cuba has given so much here in 67 years, and still today Cuba continues giving whatever [it] can.”

This article would not be possible without the support of numerous translators within and outside of Cuba. I’d like to thank Damian Donestevez, Melissa Cobel Cruz, Patricia Schavarosk and Carlos Aguirre Pozas.

*Due to an unclear audio recording, this name was written phonetically to the best of our editors ability, however we cannot confirm whether this spelling is correct.

Lo que Cuba hace por la medicina

Desde el 26 de abril al 10 de mayo, Emmanuel Akanbi de Antler River Media Co-op viajó a Cuba con la Brigada Ernesto Che Guevara de la Canadian Network on Cuba (Red Canadiense en Cuba) para llevar suministros médicos y aprender acerca de la crisis que ocurre en la isla producto de las sanciones de Estados Unidos. Traducción en español por Carlos Aguirre Pozas.


Más de 8 meses después de un efectivo embargo petrolero en la isla, el sistema médico cubano sigue latiendo. Experimentando dificultad tras dificultad y difamación por parte del gobierno americano, la creencia de que todos merecen salud vive en Cuba, sus instituciones médicas y su gente

Apenas a media hora de distancia de las soleadas playas y grandes resorts en Varadero, un hospital general en Cárdenas recibió donaciones por parte de la Brigada Ernesto Che Guevara, perteneciente a la Canadian Network on Cuba.

“El bloqueo limita el acceso a medicina, comida y tecnología, directamente afectando a la población cubana” dijo el Dr. Daniel Rodrigues, director del hospital de Cárdenas.

El embargo de Estados Unidos – frecuentemente llamado “El Bloqueo” en Cuba – está construido sobre una serie de medidas unilaterales impuestas a la isla desde 1960 que han tenido la meta declarada de derrocar al gobierno cubano. El embargo prohíbe a gente y compañías estadounidenses de hacer cualquier clase de negocios con Cuba y penaliza a cualquier compañía extranjera que haga negocios con Cuba, un movimiento declarado ilegal desde hace mucho tiempo por las Naciones Unidas

La Salud Paga el Precio

Estados Unidos también actúa como centro de bases de datos científicas internacionales y prestigiosas revistas de investigación, lo que ha resultado en Cuba estando desconectada de la mayoría de la investigación científica a nivel mundial. “El personal de salud y doctores tienen que consultar [bases de datos] para ser mejores doctores” dijo Rodrigues, lamentando ésta restricción como otro ataque al sistema médico cubano que especialmente limita medicina especializada.

According to Cuban health officials, the public health sector suffered economic losses of up to 288 million US dollars between March 2024 and February 2025 alone. The blockade hinders Cuban hospitals from acquiring insulin and growth hormones, and severely limits access to medical equipment. “This is something that our patients are suffering from every day,” said Rodriguez.

De acuerdo a oficiales de salud cubanos, solo entre marzo de 2024 y febrero de 2025 el sector de salud pública sufrió pérdidas económicas de hasta $288 millones de dólares estadounidenses. El bloqueo limita a los hospitales cubanos de adquirir insulina y hormonas de crecimiento, y limita severamente el acceso a equipo médico. “Ésto es algo que nuestros pacientes están sufriendo cada día” dijo Rodríguez.

A pesar de ésto, el sistema de salud cubano ha sido aplaudido como un faro en el mundo por décadas. El país ha tenido una de las más grandes tasas médico/paciente en todo el mundo, y desarrolló 5 vacunas diferentes durante la pandemia del COVID-19. Oficiales de la Organización Mundial de la Salud han alabado las campañas de vacunación de la isla y sus principios en cuanto a proporcionar salud pública.

Los Programas Especializados Sufren

Los programas médicos especializados que se enfocan en atención materna, diálisis y cáncer han sufrido debido a la falta de medicamentos y suministros. La actual crisis energética y consecuentes apagones han afectado las salas de operaciones, la habilidad del gobierno cubano de importar materiales por su propia cuenta, y la habilidad de los hospitales de poder almacenar seguramente medicamentos sensitivos a temperatura. Rodríguez dijo que la falta de recursos ha forzado al hospital de Cárdenas a priorizar ciertos servicios, llevando a listas de espera de más de 96,000 pacientes, con más de 20,000 de estos pacientes siendo niños.

“Éstas son cosas que han sido afectadas severamente” dijo Rodrigues. “Ésto tiene consecuencias humanas reales.”

Two men standing in front of a black and white photo of Ernesto Guevara. Man in lab coat and tie speaking next a man with glasses in a polo shirt. A third person watches in the foreground. The text "La unidad de pensamiento, de la cientificidad misma, no" is prominantly painted below the ceiling.
Dr. Daniel Rodríguez (right) at Cárdenas Hospital, accompanied by Cuban translator Damian Donestevez (left) – Photo by Sohaila Hassan

Los oficiales de salud cubanos han denunciado el bloqueo por mucho tiempo, por llevar a muertes que podrían haber sido prevenidas. Más temprano en el mes, el Viceministro de Salud Julio Guerra compartió en La Habana que “cada apagón y cada restricción se traduce en un riesgo para las vidas de nuestros pacientes”. El Alto Comisionado para Derechos Humanos de las Naciones Unidas Volker Türk ha demandado que la administración Trump levante el bloqueo de combustible. “Niños están muriendo porque los doctores no tienen acceso a suministros médicos y medicinas esenciales. Ésto es inaceptable” dijo Türk.

A pesar de los desafíos, el sistema médico cubano aún es atesorado y los trabajadores de salud siguen luchando para defenderlo de ataques por parte de Estados Unidos. “Lo mantenemos y sostenemos porque creemos que es la base fundamental para construir una sociedad,” dijo Rodríguez. “Siempre buscamos una alternativa en tiempos difíciles, sabemos cómo seguir adelante y hacer progreso.”

Las Tasas de Mortalidad Infantil Aumentan en Medio de las Sanciones

Una parte vital de éste proceso ha sido el apoyo internacional. Países rutinariamente envían ayuda médica a Cuba, como también lo hacen turistas canadienses. Not Just Tourists (No Solo Turistas), un colectivo de viajeros una vez basado en Ontario y ahora internacional, ha enviado más de miles de maletas llenas de suministros médicos para la isla, y hay un capítulo basado en London trabajando para enviar más. Rodríguez cree que éste apoyo mantiene el sistema de salud cubano operacional.

Six (6) suitcases opened and filled with medical supplies, eight (8) are present behind the open suitcases. A box labeled has a white paper taped to it with text "Not Just Tourists London" prominanlty featured.
Suitcases and boxes filled with medical supplies brought to Cárdenas hospital – Photo by Sohaila Hassan

Liz Oliva Fernández, una periodista con el medio de comunicación cubano independiente “Belly of the Beast”, detalló su experiencia investigando el efecto de las sanciones a Cuba en el sistema médico.

Desde 2018, la tasa de mortalidad infantil en Cuba ha ido aumentando agudamente. A principios de la década del 2000, la tasa de mortalidad infantil en Cuba estaba entre las más bajas del hemisferio occidental; pero desde 2018 ha incrementado de una tasa anual de 4.0 por cada 1,000 partos vivos, a una tasa de 9.9 en 2025.

“Es la misma Cuba, es el gobierno, es el mismo sistema” dijo Fernández. “La única cosa que es diferente es el incremento de la aplicación de las sanciones de Estados Unidos a Cuba.”

De acuerdo a investigadores internacionales, si la tasa de mortalidad infantil se hubiera mantenido sin cambiar desde 2018, aproximadamente 1,800 niños menos habrían fallecido.

“Eso me hace llorar” dijo Fernández. “Quiero creer que “Belly of the Beast” puede hacer el trabajo de usar éste número para explicar a la gente que éste es un castigo colectivo y que ésto está mal.”

Carmine, un coordinador de hospital en Cárdenas, recibe todas las donaciones que la gente trae al hospital y hace su mejor esfuerzo para asegurar que suministros claves sean recibidos. A medida que el turismo disminuye debido a la falta de combustible para los aviones, ella ha visto los suministros disminuir. “Es muy triste cuando no tengo la oportunidad de ayudar” dijo ella. “Es muy, muy difícil cuando la gente necesita algo y no tengo nada.”

El Programa Médico de Cuba Persiste

Aparte de coordinación en el hospital, Carmine también apoya a doctores en misiones médicas a otros países, a través del programa médico de Cuba. Ella ha ayudado a doctores cubanos en misiones a Venezuela, Angola, Algeria, Nigeria y Timor Oriental, siendo una figura clave en esas colaboraciones médicas.

Exterior of a large movie theatre with name of the theatre "Yara" in large text at the top of visible building. A crowd is dispersed in the front of the theatre.
Crowd gathered following documentary screening at Cine Yara in Havana – Photo by Sohaila Hassan

Las misiones médicas de Cuba han sido aplaudidas por el alivio que han llevado a comunidades alrededor del mundo. Periodistas en “Belly of the Beast” han producido numerosas piezas mostrando el trabajo de doctores cubanos en el Caribe, África y Calabria, un área empobrecida en Italia. A pesar de qué tan instrumental ha sido el programa médico de Cuba en proveer salud a comunidades alrededor del mundo, también ha sido sujeto a ataques y declaraciones fraudulentas por parte de los Estados Unidos. La administración Trump ha igualado el programa a trabajo forzado, forzado a numerosos países en el Caribe a desmantelar sus acuerdos médicos con Cuba, y ha ido al punto de sancionar a oficiales de salud en Brasil por su asociación con doctores cubanos.

Educación Médica como Ayuda Internacional

A mural: Depited at the top, a dove flying to the right with the Palestinian (left) and Cuban (right) flag conjoined at the front of its beak. Below it a watermelon with five (5) peace signs for seeds. The text surrounding the painted green line reads: "Hasta la liberación y el retorno." To the right of this, a Torch has the Palestinian flag wrapped around its base.
Cuba-Palestine solidarity mural – Photo by Sohaila Hassan

Aún más allá de sus misiones médicas internacionales, Cuba ha sido celebrada por entrenar estudiantes de medicina de otros países. Más de 122 países han enviado estudiantes a graduarse de la Escuela Latinoamericana de Medicina (ELAM) de Cuba, gratis. Un documental por parte de “Belly of the Beast” mostrado en una presentación avanzada resaltó a una brigada de estudiantes africanos de ELAM en una brigada médica a Guinea-Bisáu para proveer servicios médicos.

Uno de los países más apoyados por la educación médica de Cuba es Palestina, con casi 280 estudiantes palestinos actualmente estudiando medicina en la isla, de acuerdo al Embajador de Palestina en Cuba, Ammar Zorba.

A man standing holding a microphone speaking to an audience. There are two men seated beside him. Behind them are a collage of photos showing Cuban solidarity with prominent text "Africans called Cuba Answered" and "Gracias Brigada Médica Cubana Henry Reeve."
Ammar Zorba, Palestinian Ambassador to Cuba speaking as part of a panel in front of a crowd at Cuban Institute of Friendship with the Peoples – Photo by Sohaila Hassan

“No fueron los primeros ni los últimos, hay varias generaciones que han podido estudiar en Cuba” dijo Zorba en un mensaje en un panel el 28 de abril, celebrando la solidaridad que Cuba ha mostrado a Palestina. “En un tiempo donde el mundo está construyendo armas, Cuba está creando nuevos doctores.”

Mohammad Bil Awad, un estudiante de medicina de Palestina, compartió su gratitud por ser capaz de estudiar medicina en Cuba, y también por recibir tratamiento médico que no podría recibir debido al severo bloqueo de equipo médico que Israel impone a los territorios de Palestina.

“A lo largo de mi vida he sufrido de un problema en mis piernas. Debido a la gente israelí, mi situación empeoró y yo continué sufriendo” dijo Awad. “Gracias Cuba por darme la oportunidad de estudiar medicina, y poder superar mis desafíos y poder recibir tratamiento para mis piernas.”

“Fui capaz de cumplir mi sueño y el sueño de mi familia gracias a Cuba y gracias a la gente cubana”, dijo Murid Abukhater, un reciente graduado de ELAM en el panel, hablando acerca de su viaje de diez años en Cuba, desde aprender español hasta graduarse.

Murid Abukhater, Palestinian ELAM graduate speaking as part of a panel in front of a crowd at Cuban Institute of Friendship with the Peoples – Photo by Sohaila Hassan

Para Abukhater, ELAM es un regalo para el mundo que trae el espíritu revolucionario cubano a más grandes alturas. “Soy palestino porque nací en Palestina, pero soy cubano por mi alma” dijo él. Él cree que con cada graduado de ELAM, “pequeñas partes del corazón de Cuba son distribuidas a través de toda la geografía del mundo.”

“Cuba ha dado tanto aquí en 67 años, y aún hoy Cuba continúa dando todo lo que puede.”

Éste artículo no habría sido posible sin el apoyo de numerosos traductores dentro y fuera de Cuba. Quisiera agradecer a Damian Donestevez, Melissa Cobel Cruz, Patricia Schavarosk y Carlos Aguirre Pozas.